Mango (Mangifera Indica) Leaves Extract and Coconut Oil as an Antibacterial Ointment

mango (genus genus Mangifera indica) leaves extract and Coconut Oil as an Anti bacteriuml Ointment A Science Investigatory Project of Kristifany C. Mamba Bansud discipline High School-Regional Science High School for Region IV MIMAROPA Pag-asa, Bansud, Oriental Mindoro Abstract The purpose of this teaching is to produce an antibacterial inunction out of Mango leaves extract and coconut veget able-bodied crude. Young mango leaves were gathered and was chopped into sm entirely pieces. 50 mL of coconut oil was put in a heat pan. Then, the chopped mango leaves was added to the coconut oil. It was mixed for 10 minutes.Next, the short bits of mango leaves were removed from the coconut oil. Lastly, kittydle wax was added to the mixture. It was stirred again thoroughly. The solution was transferred into an vacuous container and left to cool down. The mango leaves extract with coconut oil was tested at the Bureau of Plant Industry. It was tested against the bacteria E. coli and S. au reus. The resulting Numerical value was 2. 5 for E. coli and 3. 0 for S. aureus. The bureau used the standard parameter 1-2- slightly inhibited and 3-5 as partially inhibited. Thus, the inhibition of the mango leaves extract and coconut oil in E. oli was slight and it is partial in S. aureus. The researcher concluded that mango leaves extract with coconut oil stool kill bacteria like E. coli and S. aureus. It can also be concluded that it can help wounds heal faster because of its antibacterial property. Chapter I Introduction Background of the culture The Philippines father many several(predicate) herb tea plants that can cure different illness like body pain, toothache, arthritis, and other diseases. The herbal plants we sustain contain helpful constituents and properties that can cure different kinds of diseases.We can make useful product made from these plant and other materials. Nowadays, many herbal plants are being discovered with more uses. Many companies used herbal plants to make ointments, tablets, coffee or teas. Ointments are very useful in treating different kind of wounds. The production of ointments from herbal plants found in our dealry can help us minimize our dependence on the use of high cost ointments. The herbal plant must have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic and antibacterial properties to produce an utile ointment.Most of the wounds are infected by the customary bacteria like Escherichia coli. As the wounds go deeper and become more complex they can infect the vestigial muscles and bone cause osteomyelitis. Coliforms and anaerobes are associated with osteomyelitis in those people who have infected wounds. You also see the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in the infected wound. Local factors that plus chances of wound infection are having large wound area, increased wound depth, degree of chronicity, the body, necrotic tissue, and implement of injury (bites, perforated viscus). (Neal R. Chamberlain. n. . ) The mango leav es (Mangifera indica) and coconut oil possesses antibacterial activity against different bacteria. (Research Update of Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ). Coconut and olive oils are traditionally used to moisturize and treat climb infections. Extensive research done by scientists such as Jon J Kabara, PhD, has shown that the Lauric acid found in Coconut Oil is a potent healthful agent. Lauric acid is a major component (49%) of Coconut oil. It has also been found to kill the H. Pylori bacteriain the stomach which are responsible for many stomach problems such as ulcers.The good thing about Lauric acid is that it doesnt kill friendly bacteria in the stomach. Antibiotics kill both good and noxious bacteria in the stomach and often need to be followed with probiotics such as acidophilus bacteria to replenish friendly bacteria in the gut. Objectives General Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil have anti-bacterial contents which can help remove the infection on the wounds. This s tudy aimed to produce an ointment which can kill the bacteria and cure different types of wounds out of Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil. SpecificThis research study was conducted to determine if mango leaves extract and coconut oil can be made into an ointment and if it can help wound heal faster. Statement of the Problem Specifically, this study ought to answer the following questions 1. Can the ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves extracts and coconut oil kill the bacteria in the wounds? 2. Can the Mangifera indica leaves extract and coconut oil be made into an ointment? 3. Can the ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil extract help the wound to heal faster? Hypothesis 1.The ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves extracts and coconut oil can kill bacteria in the wounds. 2. The extract of Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil can be made into an ointment for curing wounds. Significance of the Study This study greatly benefits the people in th e community who cannot afford to buy expensive ointment for wounds. It can also benefit the infirmarys and in small clinics. The supernumerary medication in curing wounds can help a lot to save a life. It has significance to those who were far from the submit or drug store because they can cure our wounds without taking too long from buying ointments from far drugstores.It can be also a source of income for the people in provinces. ground and Limitation This study was limited only on the production of ointments from mango leaves extracts and coconut oil. The ointment produced from mango leaves extracts and coconut oil focuses on killing the bacteria in the wounds. It was limited to use if there is irritation on the contend after the application of the ointment. For the patients who have sensitive scratch should ask permission from a doctor before using the ointment. Chapter II Review of Related Literature Review of Related LiteratureAntibacterial Pertaining to a substance that kills bacteria or inhibits their cometh or replication. Antibiotics synthesized chemically or derived from various microorganisms exert their bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect by interfering with the production of the bacterial germ plasm wall by interfering with protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, or plasma membrane integrity or by inhibiting critical biosynthetic path government agencys in the bacteria. (2009, Elsevier. ) E. coli E. coliis a common type ofbacteriathat can get into fodder, like beef and vegetables. E. oliis short for the medical termEscherichia coli. E. colinormally lives inside your intestines, where it helps your body break down and digest the food you eat. Unfortunately, certain types (called strains) ofE. colican get from the intestines into the blood. This is a rare illness, exclusively it can cause a very serious infection. (Steven Dowshen, MD, August 2009) S. aureus Staphylococci (staph) are Gram-positive spherical bacteria that occur in micro scopic clusters resembling grapes. Bacteriological culture of the nose and skin of normal homo invariably yields staphylococci.In 1884, Rosenbach described the deuce pigmented colony types of staphylococci and proposed the appropriate nomenclatureStaphylococcus aureus(yellow) andStaphylococcus albus(white). The latter species is now namedStaphylococcus epidermidis. Although more than 20 species ofStaphylococcusare described in Bergeys Manual (2001), onlyStaphylococcus aureusandStaphylococcus epidermidisare significant in their interactions with humans. S. aureuscolonizes mainly the nasal passages, but it may be found regularly in most other anatomical locales, including the skin, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. S. ureusis often hemolytic on blood agarS. epidermidisis non hemolytic. The bacteria are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. S. aureuscan grow at a temperature range of 15 to 45 degrees and at NaCl concentrations as high as 15 percent. Nearly all strains ofS. aur eusproduce the enzyme coagulase nearly all strains ofS. epidermidislack this enzyme. S. aureusshould always be considered a potence pathogen most strains ofS. epidermidisare nonpathogenic and may even play a protective role in humans as normal flora. Staphylococcus epidermidismay be a pathogen in the hospital environment. Pathogenesis ofS. aureusinfectionsStaphylococcus aureuscauses a variety of suppurative (pus-forming) infections and toxinoses in humans. It causes superficial skin lesions such asboils,styesandfuruncules more serious infections such aspneumonia, mastitis, phlebitis,meningitis, andurinary tract infections and deep-seated infections, such asosteomyelitisandendocarditis. S. aureusis a major cause ofhospital acquired (nosocomial) infectionof surgical wounds and infections associated with indwelling medical devices. S. aureuscausesfood poisoningby releasing enterotoxins into food, andtoxic shock syndromeby supply of superantigens into the blood stream. S. ureus indicat ees many potentialvirulence factors (1)surface proteins that promote colonization of host tissues (2) invasins that promote bacterial spread in tissues (leukocidin,kinases,hyaluronidase) (3) surface factors that inhibit phagocytic engulfment (capsule,Protein A) (4) biochemical properties that enhance their survival of the fittest in phagocytes (carotenoids,catalase production) (5) immunological disguises (Protein A,coagulase) (6) membrane-damaging toxins that lyse eucaryotic carrell membranes (hemolysins, leukotoxin, leukocidin (7) exotoxins that damage host tissues or otherwise provoke symptoms of disease (SEA-G,TSST,ET) and (8) inherent and acquired resistance to antimicrobial agents. Membrane-damaging toxins alpha toxin (alpha-hemolysin)The high hat characterized and most potent membrane-damaging toxin ofS. aureusis alpha toxin. It is expressed as a monomer that binds to the membrane of susceptible cells. Subunits then oligomerize to form heptameric rings with a central focal ize through which cellular contents leak.In humans, platelets and monocytes are particularly sensitive to alpha toxin. Susceptible cells have a specific receptor for alpha toxin which allows the toxin to bind causing small pores through which monovalent cations can pass. The mode of action of alpha hemolysin is likely by osmotic lysis. ?-toxinis a sphingomyelinase which damages membranes rich in this lipid. The classical test for ? -toxin is lysis of sheep erythrocytes. The majority of human isolates ofS. aureusdo not express ? -toxin. A lysogenic bacteriophage is known to encode the toxin. (2008 Kenneth Todar, PhD) delta toxinis a very small peptide toxin produced by most strains ofS. aureus. It is also produced byS. epidermidis.The role of delta toxin in disease is unknown. Leukocidinis a multicomponent protein toxin produced as separate components which act together to damage membranes. Leukocidin forms a hetero-oligomeric transmembrane pore composed of four LukF and four LukS s ubunits, thereby forming an octameric pore in the affected membrane. Leukocidin is hemolytic, but less so than alpha hemolysin. Only 2% of all ofS. aureusisolates express leukocidin, but nearly 90% of the strains isolated from severe dermonecrotic lesions express this toxin, which suggests that it is an important factor in necrotizing skin infections. (2008 Kenneth Todar, PhD) Wound HealingWound improve is a complex process with many potential factors that can delay healing. There is increasing interest in the effects of bacteria on the processes of wound healing. every(prenominal) chronic wounds are colonized by bacteria, with low levels of bacteria being beneficial to the wound healing process. Wound infection is detrimental to wound healing, but the diagnosis and management of wound infection is controversial, and varies between clinicians. There is increasing recognition of the concept of critical colonization or local infection, when wound healing may be delayed in the absenc e of the typical clinical features of infection. The progression from ound colonization to infection depends not only on the bacterial count or the species present, but also on the host immune response, the number of different species present, the virulence of the organisms and synergistic interactions between the different species. There is increasing test that bacteria within chronic wounds live within biofilm communities, in which the bacteria are protected from host defences and develop resistance to antibiotic discourse. (Edwards R,Harding KG Apr. 17, 2004) bacterium and Wounds Bacteria are ubiquitous in the geography of the human body. In the skin, the average human being harbors at least 200 species of bacteria, totaling more than 1012 organisms. Therefore, when the skin is broken by trauma or disease, bacteria are also ubiquitous in wounds. When discussing the presence of bacteria in an open wound of a human host, three conditions are noted with respect to their presence on or in the tissue, their impact on the healing of the wound, and the associated immune response from the host. The get-go condition is bacterial contamination or the simple existence of bacteria on the surface of the wound. Contamination is specifically defined as the presence of non-proliferating organisms on the superficial tissues. Contaminating bacteria do not elicit an immune response from the host and do not impact the healing process.The second condition, bacterial colonization, is differentiated from contamination in that it refers to proliferating organisms on the wound surface bacteria that have adhered to the superficial tissues and have begun to form colonies. Colonization is also characterized by a lack of immune response from the host and broadly is not believed to impact or interfere with the healing process. 2 Wounds that contain nonviable tissue (ie, shed and/or eschar) offer a particularly hospitable environment for colonization because the dead tissues provi de a ready source of nutrients for the growing bacterial colonies. In the third condition, bacterial infection, proliferating bacteria are not only present on the surface of the wound or in nonviable tissue, but have also invaded healthy, viable tissue to such a depth and extent that they elicit an immune response from the host.Local clinical signs of tissue redness, pain, heat, and swelling generally characterize this immune response, along with an increase in exudate production or purulence. Bacterial infection delays and may even halt the healing process. The mechanism of this healing delay involves competition between host cells and bacterial cells for oxygen and nutrients and increased host cell production of inflammatory cytokines and proteases in response to the bacteria and their associated toxins. (Liza Ovington, PhD, CWS, n. d) Related studies In the research update of mango and mango leaf extract, effects of a internal extract from Mangifera indica L, and its active comp ound, mangiferin, on elan vital state and lipid peroxidation of red blood cells.Following oxidative stress, modifications of several biologically important macromolecules have been questiond. In this study they investigated the effect of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L (Vimang), its main ingredient mangiferin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on energy metabolism, energy state and malondialdehyde (MDA) production in a red blood cell system. Analysis of MDA, high energy phosphates and ascorbate was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under the experimental conditions, concentrations of MDA and ATP catabolites were affected in a dose-dependent way by H(2)O(2). Incubation with Vimang (0. , 1, 10, 50 and 100 mug/mL), mangiferin (1, 10, 100 mug/mL) and EGCG (0. 01, 0. 1, 1, 10 muM) significantly enhances erythrocyte resistance to H(2)O(2)-induced reactive oxygen species production. In particular, they demonstrate the protective activity of these co mpounds on ATP, GTP and total nucleotides (NT) depletion after H(2)O(2)-induced damage and a reduction of NAD and ADP, which both increase because of the energy consumption following H(2)O(2) addition. cipher charge potential, decreased in H(2)O(2)- case-hardened erythrocytes, was also restored in a dose-dependent way by these substances. Their protective effects might be related to the strong lay off radical scavenging ability described for polyphenols. Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Mangifera indica L. extract consists of a defined mixture of components (polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids, fatty acids and microelements). It contains a variety of polyphenols, phenolic esters, flavan-3-ols and a xanthone (mangiferin), as main component. This extract has antioxidant action, antitumor and immunemodulatory effects proved in experimental models in both in vitro and in vivo assays. The present study was performed to investigate the genotoxicity potential activity of Vimang asses sed through different tests Ames, Comet and micronucleus assays. Positive and negative controls were included in each experimental series.Histidine requiring mutants of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100 and TA102 strains for point-mutation tests and in vitro micronucleus assay in indigenous human lymphocytes with and without metabolic activation were performed. Results of Comet assay show that the extract did not induce single strand breaks or alkali-labile sites on blood peripheral lymphocytes of treated animals compared with controls. On the other hand, the results of the micronucleus studies (in vitro and in vivo) show Vimang induces cytotoxic activity, determined as cell viability or PCE/NCE ratio, but neither increased the frequency of micronucleated binucleate cells in culture of human lymphocytes nor in mice bone marrow cells under their experimental conditions.The positive control chemicals included in each experiment induced the pass judgment chan ges. The present results indicate that M. indica L. extract show evidences of light cytotoxic activity but did not induce a mutagenic or genotoxic effects in the battery of assays used. (Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Anti-allergic properties of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and contribution of its glucosylxanthone mangiferin. Vimang is the brand name of formulations containing an extract of Mangifera indica L. , ethnopharmacologically used in Cuba for the treatment of some immunopathological disorders, including bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases.However, the effects of Vimang on allergic response have not been reported until now. In this study, the effects of Vimang and mangiferin, a C-glucosylxanthone isolated from the extract, on different parameters of allergic response are reported. Vimang and mangiferin show a significant dose-dependent inhibition of IgE production in mice and anaphylaxis reaction in rats, histamine-induced vascular permeability and the histamine release induced by compound 48/80 from rat mast cells, and of lymphocyte proliferative response as evidence of the reduction of the amount of B and T lymphocytes able to contribute to allergic response. In these experiments, ketotifen, promethazine and isodium cromoglicate were used as reference drugs. Furthermore, they demonstrated that Vimang had an effect on an in-vivo model of inflammatory allergy mediated by mast cells. These results constitute the first report of the anti-allergic properties of Vimang on allergic models, as well as suggesting that this natural extract could be successfully used in the treatment of allergic disorders. Mangiferin, the major compound of Vimang, contributes to the anti-allergic effects of the extract. (Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects of Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark aqueous extract. Previous studies in their laboratories and elsewhere hav e shown that some members of Anacardiaceae family possess antiinflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects in man and mammalian experimental animals. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to examine the antiinflammatory, analgesic and antidiabetic properties of the stem-bark aqueous extract of Mangifera indica Linn. , M. indica a member of the Anacardiaceae family, in rats and mice. The stem-bark powder of M. indica was Soxhlet extracted with distilled water and used. M. indica stem-bark aqueous extract (MIE, 50-800 mg/kg i. p. ) produced dose-dependent and significant (p