Comparing Tradition and Change in Amy Tans The Kitchen Gods Wife and

Tradition and Change in The Kitchen Gods Wife and The Joy Luck Club Throughout the novels The Kitchen Gods Wife and The Joy Luck Club, author Amy suntan conveys the message of tradition and change. from each one novel contains sections about draws talking and relating their stories to their daughters. The daughters in The Joy Luck Club hear stories about loss and happiness, and joy and hate. Each of the four mothers tell these stories to their daughters as lessons, or offerings for their futures. They tell the stories to show how lucky their daughters have been, yet how their lives will never be the same as their witness lives have been. They try to help their daughters on some level with these stories. Yet they comprehend the fact that they could never understand their mothers. The main character, Pearl, in The Kitchen Gods Wife negotiation about her life and her mother. Pearl, and her mother Winnie, the other half of the mother/daughter pair attend a funeral as Pearl narrates . They then go to Winnies home, as Winnie dotes on Pearl and her two daughters. Pearls heart breaks as she notices all the small intricacies of her mother, and all the little things that her mother does to illustrate her love. As Pearl and her family drive onward from her mothers house, Winnie begins to narrate, to her daughter about her life, her hardships, and her loves. Through these two novels, the five mother/daughter pairs and the perception of mother to daughter, the theme of mother daughter relationships is distinctly portrayed. Pearl views her mother in many different ways. Often, through her mothers movements, or appearance, she will view her mother as fragile, yet strong and knowing, ...I imagine my mothers parchment like skin, furious... ...ire. Amy Tan. The Bloomsbury ingest to Womens Literature. Pg1065 Great Britian Bloomsbury Publishing, 1992. Cheng, Scarlet. Amy Tan Redux. Belles Letters. Fall, 1991, pp 15, 19.(on GaleNet) Davidson, Cathy N. and Linda Wagner-Matli n. Amy Tan. The Oxford Companion to Womens Writing in the United States. Pg 869. New York Oxford University Press, 1995. Graham, Judith. Amy Tan. Current Biography Yearbook. pg559 New York H.W. Wilson Company, 1992. See, Carolyn. Drowning in America, Starving for China. in Los Angeles Times hand Review. March 12, 1989, pp1, 11.(on GaleNet) Shear, Walter. Generational Differences and the Diaspora in The Joy Luck Club. in <>Critique. Volume 34, No3, Spring 1993 pp 193-99.(on GaleNet) Willard, Nancy. Tiger Spirits. in The Womens Review of Books. Vol.6, Nos. 10-11, July 1989, pg12.(on GaleNet)

What is Social Science Essay -- Sociology, Social Status, Social Inter

What is the job of complaisant science? Social science focuses its attention on the societal aspects of military personnel nature its job is to study how individuals potty tie in with and communicate with each other. Social scientists study the social environment in which we live in an attack to netherstand human society and to reckon how mint will act in a given set of circumstances (Mack, 2004, p584). In this essay, I argue the role of social science for societies and individuals, how individuals relate to societies and the function of rules in societies as a main concern of social science.Social sciences transaction is to train human being how to script with social status. As we were natural, we were part of a society we were a member of a family families are the first breaks of societies. So, every(prenominal) of us were make out with social groups since we were born families, schools, peer groups and even media shape our social environment. Mack (2004) noticed in his data, All human beings are social. passel have to interact with other battalion in order to survive. Since all human beings live in a society, which is to say that every person is a member of some human group, it is save reasonable to speak of a social environment (p584).Social science teaches us, as members of society, how to deal and interact with social environment. The question is why do people need to learn that knowledge? The answer is that human being are social creatures, hence they need social science to improve their social abilities. It is sonorous for a human being to live by himself out of a society. Even thought it is possible for a human being to survive in solitude, without any kind of social connection, not all of his talent could flourish in isolation. Skills like communicati... ...ience knowledge is a powerful resource for understanding and coping with the growing complexities, uncertainties and risks in our world (Kazancigil, 2003, p379). Individuals ar e the parts which form societies as a whole. Individuals have a coarse relationship with societies. Both of them are under the control of social science social sciences tool for overseeing them is legislation. Various rules shape diverse societies w present individuals interact differently. It is not an option to be a part of society or not, since we were born we became a part of society. So, as long as we relate to societies, we should carefulness and learn about social science. through social science we learn the reasons of our actions and our manners. If we required modifying our behaviours in order to mature and boom our talents, social science is here to help us and show us the ways. What is Social Science Essay -- Sociology, Social Status, Social InterWhat is the job of social science? Social science focuses its attention on the social aspects of human nature its job is to study how individuals can relate with and communicate with each other. Social scient ists study the social environment in which we live in an attempt to understand human society and to predict how people will interact in a given set of circumstances (Mack, 2004, p584). In this essay, I discuss the role of social science for societies and individuals, how individuals relate to societies and the function of rules in societies as a main concern of social science.Social sciences duty is to train human being how to deal with social status. As we were born, we were part of a society we were a member of a family families are the first breaks of societies. So, all of us were coping with social groups since we were born families, schools, peer groups and even media shape our social environment. Mack (2004) noticed in his data, All human beings are social. People have to interact with other people in order to survive. Since all human beings live in a society, which is to say that every person is a member of some human group, it is just reasonable to speak of a social environ ment (p584).Social science teaches us, as members of society, how to deal and interact with social environment. The question is why do people need to learn that knowledge? The answer is that human being are social creatures, hence they need social science to improve their social abilities. It is hard for a human being to live by himself out of a society. Even thought it is possible for a human being to survive in solitude, without any kind of social connection, not all of his talent could flourish in isolation. Skills like communicati... ...ience knowledge is a powerful resource for understanding and coping with the growing complexities, uncertainties and risks in our world (Kazancigil, 2003, p379). Individuals are the parts which form societies as a whole. Individuals have a mutual relationship with societies. Both of them are under the control of social science social sciences tool for overseeing them is legislation. Various rules shape diverse societies where individuals interac t differently. It is not an option to be a part of society or not, since we were born we became a part of society. So, as long as we relate to societies, we should care and learn about social science. Through social science we learn the reasons of our actions and our manners. If we required modifying our behaviours in order to mature and boom our talents, social science is here to help us and show us the ways.

Essay --

Executive SummaryOver the past 30 years Wal-Mart has grown into the world drawing card in retail and supply chain management. However, the company has faced and continues to face challenges with its stakeholders and other parties who are very critical of their business practices and ethics. Wal-Mart has established a nature of squeezing the little guy to acquire the lowest possible price for the most earnings at the expense of some of its stakeholders as addressed in the 2005 documentary Wal-Mart The High Cost of Low Price by director Robert Greenwald. Various parties including community groups, religious organizations, grassroots organizations, environmental groups and Wal-Mart customers as well as current and former associates have accused Wal-Mart of engaging in unethical business practices for the Every Day Low Price (EDLP) strategy. Wal-Marts stakeholder issues involve racial and gender discrimination, treatment of product suppliers, product sourcing, child labor, environmental practices and the use of government subsidies. This paper will discuss some of those issues and address some solutions Wal-Mart has accomplish and should implement to increase their competitive advantage and enhance their reputation by taking a proactive approach to Cooperate Social Responsibility. Brief write up and Business modelWalmart is an American multinational retail corporation that runs chains of large discount department stores and warehouse stores. According to the Fortune Global ergocalciferol list in 2013, Walmart is the worlds second largest public corporation, the worlds largest retailer, largest grocery retailer in the United States and the biggest private employer in the world with over 1.7 gazillion worldwide. The company was founded by Sa... ..., their new CEO Mike Duke has stressed a change in the way business is done to change the negative perceptions of the company. The salary are still low and problems still exits still the recent creation of a Senior Director for Stakeholder Engagement and their new mantra Save money, Live bump highlight their new emphasis on shared value and CSR. They have added several components to their business such asEnvironmental SustainabilityIncreases in US manufacturing adult females Economic Empowerment domestic and internationalHunger and NutritionDiversity and InclusionVeterans and Military FamiliesEthical SourcingWal-Mart is too large to fade into the night, but companies must adapt to the ever changing global changes technology and globalization bring. People have become more aware of their choices and Wal-Mart must adjust or people will shop elsewhere.

Effect of Substrate Concentration on Catalase :: Papers

Effect of Subst compute preoccupation on Catalase Aims This is an experiment to examine how the ducking of the substrate Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme Catalase. Background Information Enzymes much(prenominal) as Catalase are protein molecules, which are found in living cells. They are used to speed up item reaction within the cell. They are all very specific as each enzyme just performs one particular reaction. Catalase is an enzyme found in food such as potato and liver. It is used for removing Hydrogen Peroxide from cells. Hydrogen Peroxide is the poisonous by-product of metabolism. Catalase speeds up the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide into water and oxygen as shown in the equations below. Formula It is able to speed up the decomposition of Hydrogen hydrogen peroxide because the shape of its active site matches the shape of the Hydrogen peroxide molecule. This type of reaction where a molecule is broken down into smaller pieces is called an Anabolic Reaction. Apparatus Need For The Experiment. 1. 250 cm3 Glass Beakers 2. Glass Thistle Funnel 3. Graduated cadence Cylinder 4. Cork Borer 5. 250 cm3 Glass Cylinders. 6. Digital Stop clock 7. Scalpel 8. Tap and Distilled Water 9. Plastic rule. 10. Safety Goggles. Method To test out how the concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide affects the rate of reaction first set up the apparatus and prepare the different concentrations of Hydrogen peroxide as below Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide Volume of Hydrogen Peroxide (cm3) Volume of Tap Water (cm3) 25 vol 250 0 20 vol 200 50 15 vol cl 100 10 vol 100 150 5 vol 50 200 1. Using the cork borer, take a sample of potato, cut this piece in cm intervals using the scalpel and plastic rule. Then cut these a further 2 sections, so there is now 5 sections per 1cm piece of potato.

Interracial Adoption Essay -- Social Issues, Foster Care, Racial Relat

Imagine being a child without a family, longing for to be living in place to harbinger home you, and feeling incomplete because you do not have a place where you belong. Many children in foster care or orphanages are go about with similar feelings. Children who live in the United States often wait years to be adopted and in most cases, the minority children wait twice as long to be placed with families of their own ethnic background. One article by Linda Johnson Price, the president and CEO of Ebony magazine and a woman who was similarly adopted, discussed the fact that there are around 500,000 children in foster care time lag to be placed into a home and that close to 45 percent of those children are black (Rice, 2007). She also specifies that the Department of Health and Human Services has studies that show that African Americans wait longer than any other belt along and that betrothal experts say that black children are deemed special needs children and it does not necessar ily have to do with their mental or physical capabilities (Rice, 2007). The number of minority children waiting to be adopted will continue to rise unless we come up with a solution. One way to address the issue with the long wait puzzle out that these children experience is to consider interracial bridal. This type of adoption refers to potential parents who choose to adopt a child or children of a distinct race, culture, or ethnicity from their own. In order to address the disproportion of minority children who wait to be adopted, we must first consider the requirements one faces to be able to be a perspective adopting parent. The adoption process starts off by choosing an adoption agency. Next, the agency will send someone to the prospective parents home to gather informat... ...ion will say that parents who adopt children of different ethnicities are not capable of caring or educating the child simply because of the cultural differences. The critics opinion has merit in the since that the parents cannot teach the child to be their race but they can provide love and raise them to be responsible adults. In the end we must consider which is more important, being able to keep a child a loving family when race is not a factor or waiting for an indefinite time to try to find a family of the same race. If you are thinking about which is more important remember that for every twenty children who are in foster care at least nine of them wait an extended amount of time to be adopted. All children deserve a loving home and although we live in an imperfect community our children should not have to experience the feeling of not being wanted or loved.

Interracial Adoption Essay -- Social Issues, Foster Care, Racial Relat

Imagine universe a claw without a family, yening for to be living in place to call home you, and feeling incomplete because you do not have a place where you belong. Many children in foster accusation or orphanages are faced with similar feelings. Children who live in the United States often turn back years to be adopted and in most cases, the minority children wait twice as long to be placed with families of their own ethnic background. One article by Linda Johnson Price, the president and CEO of Ebony magazine and a woman who was also adopted, discussed the fact that there are around 500,000 children in foster care waiting to be placed into a home and that loaded to 45 percent of those children are black (Rice, 2007). She also specifies that the Department of Health and Human Services has studies that show that African Americans wait longer than any otherwise race and that adoption experts posit that black children are deemed special needs children and it does not necessari ly have to do with their mental or physical capabilities (Rice, 2007). The account of minority children waiting to be adopted will continue to rise unless we come up with a solution. One way to address the issue with the long wait process that these children experience is to consider interracial adoption. This type of adoption refers to potential parents who choose to adopt a child or children of a unlike race, culture, or ethnicity from their own. In order to address the disproportion of minority children who wait to be adopted, we must first consider the requirements one faces to be able to be a perspective adopting parent. The adoption process starts off by choosing an adoption agency. Next, the agency will send someone to the prospective parents home to gather informat... ...ion will say that parents who adopt children of different ethnicities are not capable of caring or educating the child simply because of the cultural differences. The critics opinion has merit in the since that the parents cannot teach the child to be their race but they can provide love and raise them to be responsible adults. In the end we must consider which is more important, being able to find a child a loving family when race is not a factor or waiting for an indefinite time to strive to find a family of the same race. If you are thinking about which is more important remember that for every twenty children who are in foster care at least nine of them wait an extended amount of time to be adopted. All children deserve a loving home and although we live in an imperfect society our children should not have to experience the feeling of not being wanted or loved.

Mango (Mangifera Indica) Leaves Extract and Coconut Oil as an Antibacterial Ointment

mango (genus genus Mangifera indica) leaves extract and Coconut Oil as an Anti bacteriuml Ointment A Science Investigatory Project of Kristifany C. Mamba Bansud discipline High School-Regional Science High School for Region IV MIMAROPA Pag-asa, Bansud, Oriental Mindoro Abstract The purpose of this teaching is to produce an antibacterial inunction out of Mango leaves extract and coconut veget able-bodied crude. Young mango leaves were gathered and was chopped into sm entirely pieces. 50 mL of coconut oil was put in a heat pan. Then, the chopped mango leaves was added to the coconut oil. It was mixed for 10 minutes.Next, the short bits of mango leaves were removed from the coconut oil. Lastly, kittydle wax was added to the mixture. It was stirred again thoroughly. The solution was transferred into an vacuous container and left to cool down. The mango leaves extract with coconut oil was tested at the Bureau of Plant Industry. It was tested against the bacteria E. coli and S. au reus. The resulting Numerical value was 2. 5 for E. coli and 3. 0 for S. aureus. The bureau used the standard parameter 1-2- slightly inhibited and 3-5 as partially inhibited. Thus, the inhibition of the mango leaves extract and coconut oil in E. oli was slight and it is partial in S. aureus. The researcher concluded that mango leaves extract with coconut oil stool kill bacteria like E. coli and S. aureus. It can also be concluded that it can help wounds heal faster because of its antibacterial property. Chapter I Introduction Background of the culture The Philippines father many several(predicate) herb tea plants that can cure different illness like body pain, toothache, arthritis, and other diseases. The herbal plants we sustain contain helpful constituents and properties that can cure different kinds of diseases.We can make useful product made from these plant and other materials. Nowadays, many herbal plants are being discovered with more uses. Many companies used herbal plants to make ointments, tablets, coffee or teas. Ointments are very useful in treating different kind of wounds. The production of ointments from herbal plants found in our dealry can help us minimize our dependence on the use of high cost ointments. The herbal plant must have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic and antibacterial properties to produce an utile ointment.Most of the wounds are infected by the customary bacteria like Escherichia coli. As the wounds go deeper and become more complex they can infect the vestigial muscles and bone cause osteomyelitis. Coliforms and anaerobes are associated with osteomyelitis in those people who have infected wounds. You also see the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in the infected wound. Local factors that plus chances of wound infection are having large wound area, increased wound depth, degree of chronicity, the body, necrotic tissue, and implement of injury (bites, perforated viscus). (Neal R. Chamberlain. n. . ) The mango leav es (Mangifera indica) and coconut oil possesses antibacterial activity against different bacteria. (Research Update of Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ). Coconut and olive oils are traditionally used to moisturize and treat climb infections. Extensive research done by scientists such as Jon J Kabara, PhD, has shown that the Lauric acid found in Coconut Oil is a potent healthful agent. Lauric acid is a major component (49%) of Coconut oil. It has also been found to kill the H. Pylori bacteriain the stomach which are responsible for many stomach problems such as ulcers.The good thing about Lauric acid is that it doesnt kill friendly bacteria in the stomach. Antibiotics kill both good and noxious bacteria in the stomach and often need to be followed with probiotics such as acidophilus bacteria to replenish friendly bacteria in the gut. Objectives General Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil have anti-bacterial contents which can help remove the infection on the wounds. This s tudy aimed to produce an ointment which can kill the bacteria and cure different types of wounds out of Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil. SpecificThis research study was conducted to determine if mango leaves extract and coconut oil can be made into an ointment and if it can help wound heal faster. Statement of the Problem Specifically, this study ought to answer the following questions 1. Can the ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves extracts and coconut oil kill the bacteria in the wounds? 2. Can the Mangifera indica leaves extract and coconut oil be made into an ointment? 3. Can the ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil extract help the wound to heal faster? Hypothesis 1.The ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves extracts and coconut oil can kill bacteria in the wounds. 2. The extract of Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil can be made into an ointment for curing wounds. Significance of the Study This study greatly benefits the people in th e community who cannot afford to buy expensive ointment for wounds. It can also benefit the infirmarys and in small clinics. The supernumerary medication in curing wounds can help a lot to save a life. It has significance to those who were far from the submit or drug store because they can cure our wounds without taking too long from buying ointments from far drugstores.It can be also a source of income for the people in provinces. ground and Limitation This study was limited only on the production of ointments from mango leaves extracts and coconut oil. The ointment produced from mango leaves extracts and coconut oil focuses on killing the bacteria in the wounds. It was limited to use if there is irritation on the contend after the application of the ointment. For the patients who have sensitive scratch should ask permission from a doctor before using the ointment. Chapter II Review of Related Literature Review of Related LiteratureAntibacterial Pertaining to a substance that kills bacteria or inhibits their cometh or replication. Antibiotics synthesized chemically or derived from various microorganisms exert their bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect by interfering with the production of the bacterial germ plasm wall by interfering with protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, or plasma membrane integrity or by inhibiting critical biosynthetic path government agencys in the bacteria. (2009, Elsevier. ) E. coli E. coliis a common type ofbacteriathat can get into fodder, like beef and vegetables. E. oliis short for the medical termEscherichia coli. E. colinormally lives inside your intestines, where it helps your body break down and digest the food you eat. Unfortunately, certain types (called strains) ofE. colican get from the intestines into the blood. This is a rare illness, exclusively it can cause a very serious infection. (Steven Dowshen, MD, August 2009) S. aureus Staphylococci (staph) are Gram-positive spherical bacteria that occur in micro scopic clusters resembling grapes. Bacteriological culture of the nose and skin of normal homo invariably yields staphylococci.In 1884, Rosenbach described the deuce pigmented colony types of staphylococci and proposed the appropriate nomenclatureStaphylococcus aureus(yellow) andStaphylococcus albus(white). The latter species is now namedStaphylococcus epidermidis. Although more than 20 species ofStaphylococcusare described in Bergeys Manual (2001), onlyStaphylococcus aureusandStaphylococcus epidermidisare significant in their interactions with humans. S. aureuscolonizes mainly the nasal passages, but it may be found regularly in most other anatomical locales, including the skin, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. S. ureusis often hemolytic on blood agarS. epidermidisis non hemolytic. The bacteria are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. S. aureuscan grow at a temperature range of 15 to 45 degrees and at NaCl concentrations as high as 15 percent. Nearly all strains ofS. aur eusproduce the enzyme coagulase nearly all strains ofS. epidermidislack this enzyme. S. aureusshould always be considered a potence pathogen most strains ofS. epidermidisare nonpathogenic and may even play a protective role in humans as normal flora. Staphylococcus epidermidismay be a pathogen in the hospital environment. Pathogenesis ofS. aureusinfectionsStaphylococcus aureuscauses a variety of suppurative (pus-forming) infections and toxinoses in humans. It causes superficial skin lesions such asboils,styesandfuruncules more serious infections such aspneumonia, mastitis, phlebitis,meningitis, andurinary tract infections and deep-seated infections, such asosteomyelitisandendocarditis. S. aureusis a major cause ofhospital acquired (nosocomial) infectionof surgical wounds and infections associated with indwelling medical devices. S. aureuscausesfood poisoningby releasing enterotoxins into food, andtoxic shock syndromeby supply of superantigens into the blood stream. S. ureus indicat ees many potentialvirulence factors (1)surface proteins that promote colonization of host tissues (2) invasins that promote bacterial spread in tissues (leukocidin,kinases,hyaluronidase) (3) surface factors that inhibit phagocytic engulfment (capsule,Protein A) (4) biochemical properties that enhance their survival of the fittest in phagocytes (carotenoids,catalase production) (5) immunological disguises (Protein A,coagulase) (6) membrane-damaging toxins that lyse eucaryotic carrell membranes (hemolysins, leukotoxin, leukocidin (7) exotoxins that damage host tissues or otherwise provoke symptoms of disease (SEA-G,TSST,ET) and (8) inherent and acquired resistance to antimicrobial agents. Membrane-damaging toxins alpha toxin (alpha-hemolysin)The high hat characterized and most potent membrane-damaging toxin ofS. aureusis alpha toxin. It is expressed as a monomer that binds to the membrane of susceptible cells. Subunits then oligomerize to form heptameric rings with a central focal ize through which cellular contents leak.In humans, platelets and monocytes are particularly sensitive to alpha toxin. Susceptible cells have a specific receptor for alpha toxin which allows the toxin to bind causing small pores through which monovalent cations can pass. The mode of action of alpha hemolysin is likely by osmotic lysis. ?-toxinis a sphingomyelinase which damages membranes rich in this lipid. The classical test for ? -toxin is lysis of sheep erythrocytes. The majority of human isolates ofS. aureusdo not express ? -toxin. A lysogenic bacteriophage is known to encode the toxin. (2008 Kenneth Todar, PhD) delta toxinis a very small peptide toxin produced by most strains ofS. aureus. It is also produced byS. epidermidis.The role of delta toxin in disease is unknown. Leukocidinis a multicomponent protein toxin produced as separate components which act together to damage membranes. Leukocidin forms a hetero-oligomeric transmembrane pore composed of four LukF and four LukS s ubunits, thereby forming an octameric pore in the affected membrane. Leukocidin is hemolytic, but less so than alpha hemolysin. Only 2% of all ofS. aureusisolates express leukocidin, but nearly 90% of the strains isolated from severe dermonecrotic lesions express this toxin, which suggests that it is an important factor in necrotizing skin infections. (2008 Kenneth Todar, PhD) Wound HealingWound improve is a complex process with many potential factors that can delay healing. There is increasing interest in the effects of bacteria on the processes of wound healing. every(prenominal) chronic wounds are colonized by bacteria, with low levels of bacteria being beneficial to the wound healing process. Wound infection is detrimental to wound healing, but the diagnosis and management of wound infection is controversial, and varies between clinicians. There is increasing recognition of the concept of critical colonization or local infection, when wound healing may be delayed in the absenc e of the typical clinical features of infection. The progression from ound colonization to infection depends not only on the bacterial count or the species present, but also on the host immune response, the number of different species present, the virulence of the organisms and synergistic interactions between the different species. There is increasing test that bacteria within chronic wounds live within biofilm communities, in which the bacteria are protected from host defences and develop resistance to antibiotic discourse. (Edwards R,Harding KG Apr. 17, 2004) bacterium and Wounds Bacteria are ubiquitous in the geography of the human body. In the skin, the average human being harbors at least 200 species of bacteria, totaling more than 1012 organisms. Therefore, when the skin is broken by trauma or disease, bacteria are also ubiquitous in wounds. When discussing the presence of bacteria in an open wound of a human host, three conditions are noted with respect to their presence on or in the tissue, their impact on the healing of the wound, and the associated immune response from the host. The get-go condition is bacterial contamination or the simple existence of bacteria on the surface of the wound. Contamination is specifically defined as the presence of non-proliferating organisms on the superficial tissues. Contaminating bacteria do not elicit an immune response from the host and do not impact the healing process.The second condition, bacterial colonization, is differentiated from contamination in that it refers to proliferating organisms on the wound surface bacteria that have adhered to the superficial tissues and have begun to form colonies. Colonization is also characterized by a lack of immune response from the host and broadly is not believed to impact or interfere with the healing process. 2 Wounds that contain nonviable tissue (ie, shed and/or eschar) offer a particularly hospitable environment for colonization because the dead tissues provi de a ready source of nutrients for the growing bacterial colonies. In the third condition, bacterial infection, proliferating bacteria are not only present on the surface of the wound or in nonviable tissue, but have also invaded healthy, viable tissue to such a depth and extent that they elicit an immune response from the host.Local clinical signs of tissue redness, pain, heat, and swelling generally characterize this immune response, along with an increase in exudate production or purulence. Bacterial infection delays and may even halt the healing process. The mechanism of this healing delay involves competition between host cells and bacterial cells for oxygen and nutrients and increased host cell production of inflammatory cytokines and proteases in response to the bacteria and their associated toxins. (Liza Ovington, PhD, CWS, n. d) Related studies In the research update of mango and mango leaf extract, effects of a internal extract from Mangifera indica L, and its active comp ound, mangiferin, on elan vital state and lipid peroxidation of red blood cells.Following oxidative stress, modifications of several biologically important macromolecules have been questiond. In this study they investigated the effect of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L (Vimang), its main ingredient mangiferin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on energy metabolism, energy state and malondialdehyde (MDA) production in a red blood cell system. Analysis of MDA, high energy phosphates and ascorbate was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under the experimental conditions, concentrations of MDA and ATP catabolites were affected in a dose-dependent way by H(2)O(2). Incubation with Vimang (0. , 1, 10, 50 and 100 mug/mL), mangiferin (1, 10, 100 mug/mL) and EGCG (0. 01, 0. 1, 1, 10 muM) significantly enhances erythrocyte resistance to H(2)O(2)-induced reactive oxygen species production. In particular, they demonstrate the protective activity of these co mpounds on ATP, GTP and total nucleotides (NT) depletion after H(2)O(2)-induced damage and a reduction of NAD and ADP, which both increase because of the energy consumption following H(2)O(2) addition. cipher charge potential, decreased in H(2)O(2)- case-hardened erythrocytes, was also restored in a dose-dependent way by these substances. Their protective effects might be related to the strong lay off radical scavenging ability described for polyphenols. Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Mangifera indica L. extract consists of a defined mixture of components (polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids, fatty acids and microelements). It contains a variety of polyphenols, phenolic esters, flavan-3-ols and a xanthone (mangiferin), as main component. This extract has antioxidant action, antitumor and immunemodulatory effects proved in experimental models in both in vitro and in vivo assays. The present study was performed to investigate the genotoxicity potential activity of Vimang asses sed through different tests Ames, Comet and micronucleus assays. Positive and negative controls were included in each experimental series.Histidine requiring mutants of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100 and TA102 strains for point-mutation tests and in vitro micronucleus assay in indigenous human lymphocytes with and without metabolic activation were performed. Results of Comet assay show that the extract did not induce single strand breaks or alkali-labile sites on blood peripheral lymphocytes of treated animals compared with controls. On the other hand, the results of the micronucleus studies (in vitro and in vivo) show Vimang induces cytotoxic activity, determined as cell viability or PCE/NCE ratio, but neither increased the frequency of micronucleated binucleate cells in culture of human lymphocytes nor in mice bone marrow cells under their experimental conditions.The positive control chemicals included in each experiment induced the pass judgment chan ges. The present results indicate that M. indica L. extract show evidences of light cytotoxic activity but did not induce a mutagenic or genotoxic effects in the battery of assays used. (Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Anti-allergic properties of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and contribution of its glucosylxanthone mangiferin. Vimang is the brand name of formulations containing an extract of Mangifera indica L. , ethnopharmacologically used in Cuba for the treatment of some immunopathological disorders, including bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases.However, the effects of Vimang on allergic response have not been reported until now. In this study, the effects of Vimang and mangiferin, a C-glucosylxanthone isolated from the extract, on different parameters of allergic response are reported. Vimang and mangiferin show a significant dose-dependent inhibition of IgE production in mice and anaphylaxis reaction in rats, histamine-induced vascular permeability and the histamine release induced by compound 48/80 from rat mast cells, and of lymphocyte proliferative response as evidence of the reduction of the amount of B and T lymphocytes able to contribute to allergic response. In these experiments, ketotifen, promethazine and isodium cromoglicate were used as reference drugs. Furthermore, they demonstrated that Vimang had an effect on an in-vivo model of inflammatory allergy mediated by mast cells. These results constitute the first report of the anti-allergic properties of Vimang on allergic models, as well as suggesting that this natural extract could be successfully used in the treatment of allergic disorders. Mangiferin, the major compound of Vimang, contributes to the anti-allergic effects of the extract. (Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects of Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark aqueous extract. Previous studies in their laboratories and elsewhere hav e shown that some members of Anacardiaceae family possess antiinflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects in man and mammalian experimental animals. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to examine the antiinflammatory, analgesic and antidiabetic properties of the stem-bark aqueous extract of Mangifera indica Linn. , M. indica a member of the Anacardiaceae family, in rats and mice. The stem-bark powder of M. indica was Soxhlet extracted with distilled water and used. M. indica stem-bark aqueous extract (MIE, 50-800 mg/kg i. p. ) produced dose-dependent and significant (p

Self-Assessment and Reflection Paper

As I look back over the years I thought about my position as an educator in the early 1990s. I taught adults 18 years and older typing and introduction to computers at Barclay passage Center in Jacksonville, Florida for three years. It neer ceased to amaze me at their eagerness to learn. Also as a minister, I experience numerous individuals from various backgrounds. Every one of them is managing problems or difficulties that impede their deed of intention every day.They look for profound direction and a deeper association with from me and I am there to offer assistance. However, as I started to examine from the decease to the bottom for solutions of taking care of the issues of the individuals, I also discovered that numerous adults had an illiteracy impairment which is a hindrance, and of absence of basic education. I found on both professional levels that although the majority were eager to learn, we still needed to assist most of our adult learners in preparing for postseconda ry education, so that they could have successful careers, and productive lives.They were acking so many essential skills I cant even explain how they were allowed in the program without it. Thus we started an Adult Basic Education Program at Barclay Career Center. This program included program focus in basic literacy skills In reading, language, writing and math. We emphasized writing, basic math computation vocabulary development, dictionary skills, erudition improvement, critical thinking, and math problem solving. After a few months we begin to see the turn around especially in their reading, writing and math.So when I was asked why do I want to become an adult educator, and what aspect f adult education or training do I plan to act on? All these memories flooded my mind. I enjoy empowering adult learners to realize that they can achieve educational excellence, and become what ever they desire no matter what the age. through my compassion and desire for others ignited me to w ant to make a difference in other peoples lives. I have selected a vocation in instruction because I believe that it is one of the most essential task performed in our society. I believe that educators exclusively and altogether can change the world, as wellhead as to enhance it.

Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay

You make decision e very(prenominal)day whether it is choosing what you make for breakfast or choosing what you want to be when you grow up. It is natural in homo to make decisions and act on what they believe is to be true. This not only applies to humans, but authors use them in their sacred scriptures or plays to create different types of characters. In ane of the greatest works by William Shakespeares crossroads, there are characters that make more different kinds of decisions that determine their role in the book. In the play, the protagonist Hamlet, later his fathers death, is angry about his mothers hasty marriage to Claudius.He sees a ghost of his father one night and tells him that Claudius had violent death him. Hamlet plans to kill Claudius but he has trouble making decisions and throughout the play, his poor decision making skills bring downf whole to himself and umteen others. Every tragical hero has a tragic flaw and Hamlets tragic flaw is his inability to make decisions. Hamlets inability to kill Claudius afterward hearing from the ghost, that he had killed Hamlet Senior, contributes to his stubborn indecisiveness, which brings about his own downfall.His indecisiveness leads to many characters deaths such as Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Laertes, Polonius and his own mother. He had many chances of killing Claudius but he constantly over thinks the situation thus delaying his major task of killing Claudius To take him in the purging of his soul When he is fit and seasoned for his passage? No. Up, sword, and know thou a more horrid hent. When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage, Or in th incestuous pleasure of his bed, At game a-swearing, or about some act That has no relish of salvation in t. whence trip him, that his heels may kick at heaven (III. III. 85) This is an example of Hamlet being indecisive on whether or not to kill Claudius in the church service after the Mouse Trap play. He decides not to kill him there because he is praying a nd therefore will be forgiven for his sin. This results in delaying of his main task and in addition made more room for error such as killing Polonius and as well as getting sent to England, which leads to Rosencrantz and Guildensterns deaths. If Hamlet would have decided to kill him then, he would not have created the mess he sacks up making at the end.Hamlets inability to talk and discuss to Ophelia about what is happening, after she starts rejecting his messages, leads to losing his recognise and ultimately ends up to her demise. Even though they were in love, when Ophelia begins rejecting Hamlets messages because Polonius told her to, Hamlet tells Ophelia that she was not worth anything to him. This leads her to believing that Hamlet does not love her anymore. As a conclusion, she goes crazy and out of control for example By Gis and by Saint Charity,Alack, and fie, for shame Young men will do t, if they pay off to t. By Cock, they are to blame.Quoth she, Before you tumbled me, You promised me to wed. So would I ha done, by yonder sun, An thou hadst not come to my bed. (IV. V. 40) This is the scene where she has become insane. She sings about how a man promised her to marry her before they went into bed together but he left her. On top of Hamlets rejection, Hamlet has killed her father, Polonius, so she has completely lost control of herself.She sings a very sorrow song in front of many people and also gives out fake flowers to people. After this scene, she ends up committing suicide at the lake. If Hamlet had talked with Ophelia about what was going on and why she was ignoring her messages, she would have not become insane and Hamlet and Ophelia would still be in love. Hamlets final flaw is his inability to decide whether life is worth living or not, which contributes to his stubborn indecisiveness, which ultimately leads to his own downfall. Hamlet is very confused about his own life and is out of his mind.He is very depressed from his fathers death and the feeling of betrayal he has from Gertrude, his mother, who remarried effective after his fathers death. He does not know if life is worth living or not and this is obvious when he says To be, or not to bethat is the question Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep No moreand by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to.Tis a consummation devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep To sleepperchance to dream ay, theres the rub, For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. (III. I. 56) This is his famous soliloquy on the topic of life. He compares life and death and he cannot decide whether or not to lie alive or to be dead. He believes that death is the way to escape all his troubles and his depression but then on the other side, he k nows he needs to complete the task of killing Claudius.His indecisiveness about his own life delays his action from doing what he really wants to accomplish. Even though Hamlet kills Claudius at the very end, as a result of his indecisive behavior, he has taken way too much time to accomplish one single task. Also, it killed many innocent people he could have prevented from killing them. If Hamlet would have not been so depressed and actually decide whether or not he should stay alive or die, he might have had a better chance accomplishing his tasks much faster and efficient.Clearly, Hamlet is very indecisive all over and his indecisiveness brought about his own downfall. His mothers death, his loves death and his friends deaths are all caused by Hamlet. If he were to be decisive and straightforward, he could have killed Claudius much faster and he also could have prevented all of the deaths that happened. Many theories attempt to explain why Hamlet takes so long to kill Claudius bu t out of many theories, Hamlets indecisiveness is the only one with full satisfactory answers.Every book or play has a tragic hero and every tragic hero has a tragic flaw and in the play Hamlet, there is no exception. These themes present in many of William Shakespeares plays are relevant even today. There are times when we are indecisive when it comes to difficult situations. To be adequate to(p) to decide and to act on what you decided to do is what we try to aim for, however, since Hamlet did not complete this, he led himself to his own downfall and also many others to their downfall as well.

The Roles of Management in an Organization

The success of an organization rests on the ability of managers to program, organize, direct and control. The aim of this rise is to examine to what extent the supra statement is an accurate appraisal of successful charge? To illustrate the arguments put forward this essay will refer to the suit of clothes study The launch of the centaur taken from Paton et al text Organizations, Cases, Issues and Concepts. The case study reports on the problems that occurred when Centaur replaced Paravel car manufacturers.This essay will include a study of Henri Fayols quintuplet dollar bill key managerial elements in order to display whether it is essential to plan, organize, direct and control followed by practical examples drawn from the highlighted case study. Fayols career began as a mining engineer and then moved into research geology and in 1888 joined, Comambault as Director. The company was in difficulty but Fayol turned the operation round.On loneliness he published his work a comp rehensive theory of administration described and classified administrative centering roles and processes then became recognised and referenced by others in the growing discourse about focus. Fayol categorized management into five key elements, which can be seen in appendix one. The startle of the elements is readying Fayol believes that planning means both to access the future and make provision for it1 Fayol views the action plan as the most useful output of the planning process.He notes that this plan must consider the firms resources, work- in-progress, and future trends of the eternal environment. Fayol also believes that a good action plan must consist of continuity, unity, flexibility and precision. Pugh and Hickson state that The problems of planning which management must overcome are making sure the objectives of each part of the organisation are securely welded together (Unity) using both short and spacious term forecasting (continuity) being able to adapt the plan in the light of changing circumstances (flexibility) and attempting to accurately predict courses of action Precision2.The core group of planning is to allow the optimum use of resources. The views of Fayol and Pugh and Hickson illustrate the importance of planning when seeking to be a successful manager. The second of the elements is organizing, Fayol states that personnel is the focus of this parting3 He believes that managerial duties of an organisation must be realised through the use of personnel. He argues that despite the variety of business, every firm of similar employee size of it differs mainly in the nature and relative value of constituent elements4.The task of management is to build up an organisation that allows the activities to be carried out in an best manner. Pugh and Hickson state, Central to this is a structure in which plans are effectively prepared and carried out. There must be unity of domination and direction, clear definition of responsibilities, ti ny decision making backed up by an efficient system for selecting and training managers5. The views of Fayol and Pugh and Hickson illustrate the importance of organizing when seeking to be a successful manager.Fayol has set that there are many key objectives of organising, which can be located on Appendix two The Fayols third element comes logically after the first two, plan and control his third element is to command. In relation to the question command is part of the ability to direct. Fayol states that commanding is the responsibility of every manager6. The designing of this is to achieve the maximum contribution from all personnel to help with the interests of the organization. Pugh and Hickson state that with the ability to command the manager obtains the best possible performance from subordinates7.Organisations have a variety of tasks to perform so co-ordination is needed, which is the fourth of Fayols elements and the other half of the ability to direct. Fayol has created a list of managerial duties/responsibilities, which are highlighted in Appendix 3 Fayol states co-ordinating is the harmonisation of resources in their optimum proportions in order to achieve results8. Pugh and Hickson backup Fayols view essentially this is making sure that one departments efforts are coincident with efforts of other departments, and retentivity all activities in perspective with regard to the overall aims of the rganisation9. Fayol identifies some of the key characteristics of a well co-ordinated organisation. These characteristics are highlighted in Appendix 4. The fifth and final of Fayols five elements is controlling which logically checks the other four elements are performing correctly. Fayol states that controlling consists of the ongoing, routine verification of plan implementation, instructions issued and principles10. Controlling applies to all processes and its purpose is to break out weaknesses and problems that can be rectified and to prevent recurr ences.Fayol believes that organisations should be cautious against infiltration of control11 such(prenominal) as duality of command. Fayol also stresses the need for independent, objective and unbiased inspection. Pugh and Hickson believe that to be effective, control must operate quickly and there must be a system of sanctions. The best way to ensure this is to separate all functions concerned with inspection from operation departments whose work they inspect12. This backs up the view made by Fayol. The above views illustrate the importance of the ability to command when aiming to become a successful manager.Fayols managerial functions have been subject to in-depth analysis, which had led to the highlighting of various weaknesses. The main weakness is that the Fayol system is based upon assumption and all the way lacks consideration of piece behaviour. One of his five elements taken from Pugh and Hickson (1996) To forecast and plan prevoyance illustrates this. It is impossible to forecast every activity within the workplace e. g. arguments amongst staff, staff go away the company and basically any emergencies that arrive.Some might believe that Fayols theoretical thinking placed too much importance on observation, Mintzberg (1989) himself suggests If you ask managers what they do they will almost likely tell you that they plan, organize, co-operate and control. Then watch what they do. Do not be surprised if you cant relate what you see to those four words13. Mintzberg undertook an bulky study of executives at work. He categorized management into three groups that are divided into ten roles which can be seen in AppendixA Roles such as leadership, liaison, monitor, disturbance handler etc, which are not mentioned in Fayols model of management, clearly illustrate that interpersonal skill have been neglected in his management approach. This is seen, as a major weakness because interpersonal skills are essential in the day to day running of a business, as stated above it is impossible to foresee the future. Chris Argyris and David McGregor highlight other weaknesses Argyris (1957) noted that if classical principles of formal rganization are used, employees work in a certain environment (Appendix 6). This approach to organisations and their management has been subject to substantial criticism. It employs close system assumptions in order to reduce uncertainty and maximise control. Many of its principles are based on common horse sense Truism and suffer from generality, in that they lack specific guidelines for applications. It regards the organisation as machine and people as its components, organisation without people. At its best it regards the individuals as moreover motivated by money.It, therefore, disregards the social and more complex needs of individuals in organisations. In the late 1950s, Douglas McGregor stressed the importance of Understanding the relationships between motivation and human nature. He believed that manage rs attempted to motivate employees using one of two basic approaches. The first was a negative theory, labeled theory X. Theory X Followed the conventional view of management based on direction and control. It Suggested that managers were required to coerce, control or threaten employees in order to motivate them.In contrast, the second was a positive theory, labeled Theory Y, and was based on new information about behavior. Theory Y suggested that managers believed that people are capable of being responsible for(p) and mature. Despite the above criticism the classical approach still remains influential even today. Many of its principles have formed the foundation for the development of the advanced management concepts. It is advised that new managers should consider Fayols model of management but also consider other theories from academics such as Mintzberg.

Should Medicaid and HMOs Be Allowed to Join Forces

First of all what is the definition of be efficiency and quality or improvement quality? This is mainly looked at the cost per unit of output, when it comes to health c ar then virtuoso must measure the cost, I believe that to have an efficient Medicaid program we must have one that has better outcome for a given level of spending, it must be assessed by comparing spending and also the outcome of Medicaid programs.Hmos has the most restrictive ricochet of health insuarance, whereby they restrict their subscribers choices to doctors and hospital in their networks,I value if the hmos join forces it would help if at first they are given choices of at least two or three hmos to choose from ,in return this should help Medicaid /medicare patient s have a choice of choosing their provider.Alot of states have contractwithprivate insurers to enroll medicaind recipients in managed care plans, this is to help nullify the expenses and also trying to the coordination care. From different webs ite I found out that Medicaid hmo provide solidhealthcoverage, some have motivated Medicaid plans,which in return improve the care,butin realness majority ofmedicaid HMOs do not report comprehensive performance results that tends to be campaired accress the country in return this leaves the tax payers with a lack of objectives.I think what the plans need to do is to start planning and also reporting thoroughly so as to pay a the consummers and taxpayers better. I still believe that the physicians are participating less and less when it comes to mandatory HMO program for Medicaid beneficiaries, As we know traditional medicare HMO are very similar to the medicare managed care that exsisted before..

Mitchell Juliet

from A Bibliography of literary Theory, Criticism and Philology http//www. unizar. es/departamentos/filologia_inglesa/garciala/bibliography. html by Jose Angel Garcia Landa (University of Zaragoza, Spain) Juliet Mitchell Works Mitchell, Juliet. Womans Estate. Harmondsworth Penguin, 1971. _____. analysis and Feminism Freud, Rank, Laing, and Women. New York Random House, 1974. Harmondsworth Penguin, 1975. _____. Psychoanalysis and Feminism A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis.London Allen Lane New York Vintage, 1974. London Penguin, 1990. _____. From the Feminine to the Female. TLS 1 July 1977 798. _____. On Freud and the Distinction between the Sexes. In Mitchell, Women, The durable Revolution. New York Pantheon, 1984. _____. Psychoanalysis A Humanist Humanity or a Linguistic Science? In Women The Longest Revolution. Harmondsworth Penguin, 1984. _____. The Question of Femininity and the Theory of Psychoanalysis. In Mitchell, Women The Longest Revolution. New York Pa ntheon, 1984. 95-313. _____. The Question of Femininity and the Theory of Psychoanalysis. In. Psychoanalysis and woman A Reader. Ed. Shelley Saguaro. Houndmills Macmillan, 2000. _____. Women The Longest Revolution. Essays in Feminism, Literature and Psychoanalysis. New York Pantheon London Virago, 1984. _____. La liberacion de la mujer la larga lucha. (Cuadernos Anagrama, 100). Barcelona Anagrama. _____. Femininity, Narrative and Psychoanalysis. In M. Eagleton 1986 100-103. _____. Femininity, Narrative and Psychoanalysis. In Modern Criticism and Theory A Reader. Ed. David Lodge. London Longman, 1988. 425-30. * _____. Siamese Twins at Odds. Rev. of Freudians and Feminists. By Edith Kurzweil. TLS 31 May 1996 12. * _____, ed. The Selected Melanie Klein. Ed. Juliet Mitchell. 1986. Harmondsworth Penguin, 1991. Mitchell, Juliet, and Jacqueline Rose, eds. Feminine Sexuality. By Jacques Lacan and the ecole freudienne. Trans. Jacqueline Rose. New York Norton London Macmillan, 1982. Mitche ll, Juliet, and Ann Oakley, eds. The Rights and Wrongs of Women.Harmondsworth, 1976. _____, eds. What Is Feminism? New York Random House, 1986. Criticism Elliot, Patricia. Juliet Mitchell, Jacqueline Rose, and the Defense of Sexual Difference. In Elliot. From Mastery to Analysis Theories of sex activity in Psychoanalytic Feminism. Ithaca Cornell UP, 1991. 71-98. * Watkins, Susan. Psychoanalytic Feminism Juliet Mitchell Psychoanalysis and Feminism, Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender, Margaret Atwood Lady Oracle. In Watkins, Twentieth-Century Women Novelists Feminist Theory into Practice. Houndmills Macmillan, 2001. Edited works The Rights and Wrongs of Women Goode, John. Woman and the Literary Text. In The Rights and Wrongs of Women. Ed. Juliet Mitchell and Ann Oakley. Harmondsworth, 1976. 217-55. What Is Feminism? Cott, Nancy F. Feminist Theory and Feminist Movements The Past Before Us. In What Is Feminism? Ed. Juliet Mitchel l and Ann Oakley. New York Random House, 1986.

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 28

The three of us tore out of the chapel. As soon as we left the Richards estate grounds we were plunging through woods. Saplings stung our legs as we pitched downhill through the wet night, and t all pines blocked whatever moonlight aptitude have slipped between the clouds. If we had been human, our feet would have surely skidded on the forest floor of decaying leaves. Unable to see more than a yard or so in front of us we would have crashed into the giant trunk of a tree.Instead, we moved like predators, coursing through the night like vampires had for hundreds of years streaking through the wilds to the side by side(p) village of potential victims, chasing down someone who had foolishly separated from the herd and decided to travel at night by himself.It felt good to be racing this way, with a few ounces of human blood zinging through my veins. I was almost able to lose myself in the flight, forgetting about what it was we were fleeing from. then in that respect was a noise.It st arted out like the beginning of a long envelop of thunder, climbed into a crescendo of inhuman groaning, and ended in a screech of despair. The noise was everywhere, selection our ears, the valley we were descending into, the sky above us.The three of us stopped, startled by the sound.Well, I guess the vampire is free, Damon huffed.Margaret I began.Trust me, shes fine. Did you see what she did to him? Damon pointed out.What is she, though? I asked.A witch.Like Emily? I wondered, my theory confirmed. Was the world simply full of witches, vampires, demons, and who knows what else, most of which were invisible to human eyes?I had a heart there was something different about her when I couldnt compel her Damon explained. So I asked. And she answered. Pretty straightforward, that one.So sheCast a protective spell around herself and her family, and was anxious his brain meats with some mental ability or other to buy us a little time. Emphasis on the word little, he added. rely that protective spell is quiet up.There was another roar.Keep moving, Lexi ordered, and we began again.The woods grew blacker as if nature herself dreaded his approach, and we could feel the earth tremble with his every footstep.Damon and I leaped over a giant log, and for one fleeting moment our motions were perfectly synchronized. But then the three of us came to skidding halt at the edge of a cliff that looked out over all of upper Manhattan.Huh, my brother said doubtfully, peering over its edge.Well have to find some other way down, I said, beginning to look anchor the way we came. A path, orWith a cry, Lexi hurled herself over the edge of the cliff.I watched her, wide-eyed with horror.Find another way down? Damon said, vibe his head disappointedly at me. Still thinking like a human, brother. And he dove after her.I swore under my breath, watching him disappear into the branches below. Then I followed.As frightening as that fall was, there was something very freeing about it. I w as weightless, swimming through the air. The world whistled through my extended fingers and hair. It almost felt as though I were flying.I smashed down through thick leafy canopy and rolled into a ball, at long last coming right side up with a twisted ankle that reset itself almost before I noticed it.Damon and Lexi were standing still. She had her head cocked, comprehend to the strange quiet we suddenly found ourselves in.He lost us, Damon said, triumphantly. He didnt realize we went down the cliff HesHes in front of us, Lexi breathed, eyes widening. The silence to the southwesterly was in fact complete, as if every living thing had quieted or died. We waited, unsure what to do, though it was hard to say for what.Then came the sound of a wizard blade of grass bending and breaking.RUN Lexi screamed.We took off. I made the mistake of looking behind me. What I saw and what I heard didnt match up on the one hand, it briefly appeared that an older man was following me with surprisi ng swiftness. But the shadow cast by the moonlight was of something far bigger and inhumanly shaped. Bushes and trees ferine and crashed out of his way before he even touched them.I doubled my pace.We had no choice but to head south. The woods thinned and cultivation began to rear its ugly head a lonely, last farm, a cluster of abandoned holdings, a large estate, a hotel, dirt roads to paved avenues still crowded with horses and carriages and cabs and people even in the middle of this night.And behind us, gaining power from every shadow through which he passed, was the old one.We turned a control around a fruit stand, knocking down baskets, and the stench of decay that issued from his raggedy breathing mouth was hot on my neck. We dashed through a slum, avoiding clotheslines and string out pits of raw sewage, and he was there, throwing aside things and people to get to us. When we thought we had pulled ahead, twisting through narrow alleys and confusing side streets, we could st ill feel his Power, his frustration vibrating through the night.Lexi led us, and whether it was her own Power or a familiarity with the city, she managed to find just the right fire escapes to leap to, just the right piles of garbage to roll over. Perhaps this was not the first time she had fled from a demon of this stature.The seaport, she hissed. Its our only chance.Damon nodded, for once having no trouble taking orders from someone else. We made our way to the west, to the avenues bordering the justly Hudson.Lexis eyes suddenly narrowed and she pointed. A clipper ship, a pretty shiny blue vessel just pulling away from the dock, filled with all sorts of New York goods to sell overseas.With a mighty leap Lexi cleared the water between the dock and its deck, arms poised in the air like a cat leaping upon its prey. Damon and I followed suit, silently landing on the dark deck. By the time we recovered ourselves she was already compelling a shocked waterman who had seen the manner of our arrival.Were on the manifest. My brothers and I have a berth below. We did not just leap aboard.Damon surveyed the ship with interest, pleased with his new locale.I looked back toward shore. There stood a single, innocuous-seeming man leaning against the rail of the wharf, pale as if he had sucked all the moonlight into himself. He stood casually, like he was just there to watch the ships come and go.But the look in his eyes was deadly and eternal and unforgiving.

Competency Statement Essay

To establish and main a safe, sound learning environmentI believe it is important to establish and maintain a safe and healthy learning environment by keeping my center and play ground bailiwick clean house and free of the things that are harmful to my children. I believe the first steps to progress learning is to keep a clean and safe environment, that my childrens minds will be stimulated and will meet there individual learning styles.My goal is to encourage my children to follow healthy and nutritional eating habits. I do this by promoting foods that are healthy and clean for my children to eat. I t individually about and have my children sample all types of healthy food to help our bodies take on strong. My children and I have helped encourage in changing the centers menu to posit the menu fun, colorful, yet healthy and nutritious, that meet the needs of those children with a special diet. One thing I would love to try to do more of would to have the children service them se lf as a family style meal.In the functional area of establishing a learning environment my goal for my children is to try to slay sure that my classroom is fun, safe, organized and laid up for success. In my classroom I have seven different learning areas art, skill, blocks, dramatic play, manipulative, authorship and library. All labeled with words and pictures. I try to set up stimulating learning centers so that my children can move freely with age appropriate material for their self-directed play and learning. I desire to provide a high activity, low stress environment where my children can learn and play gayly together. I do have to mesh some centers onto one shelf due to limited lay in my classroom. If I could I would change the layout of the room and add some more space for each center.My weekly plan is not designed by myself but by my company. I believe it is a very effective lesson plan, age appropriate and fun. I do get to add or make changes to it as needed to make it work for special needs. I try toinvolve my parents in helping provide props or anything they have laying around the house that we can use to make our centers more life like. My lesson plan focus areas include circle time, language/reading activities, creative expression, science/math, music and movement, gross motor, dramatic play and sensory. I try to make every lesson fun and men on so that I know my children are grasping the learning part of the lesson.

Discuss the theme of the Dream in the book Of Mice and Men Essay

None of the people on the ranch father freedom, and freedom was what George and Lennie treasured. Crooks, edulcorate and Lennie ar victims, Crooks because of his back, where a horse had kicked him, Candy because of his hand, which he confused on the ranch, although he got ii hundred and litre bucks in compensation and Lennie is a victim because of his want of knowledge.The main dream in the book Of Mice and Men is George and Lennies dream. Their dream is to have their suffer arena where they leave behind grow whatever they like, and to have a variety of animals, and Lennie testament lodge to look after the rabbits, if he behaves well. The rabbits are all he talks and thinks ab give away the perfect land and the rabbits that he will look after if he behaves himself.Dont you think of nothing but rabbits?The land will be ten acres, have a windmill, a little shack and chicken run. It will have a kitchen and plenty of food and water. They will build a roll of tobacco house w here they will smoke the bacon, the ham, and the sausages. Theyll kill a pig or rabbit each Sunday. Theyll can fruits. Theyll withal sell ball and milk. They want to be answerable to nobody, to have freedom and be independent. Also, like Lennie says with a lot of enthusiasm,An resilient off the fatta the lanThis is a dream that George believes will not discern true, (but he continues as though the dream will come true to lure Lennie to behave himself.) because they dont have the gold and Lennie is always getting in some sort of trouble and then, they have to run away. He doesnt mean to do any harm.All the conviction he done bad things but henever done one of em meanSoon Candy gets to know about their dream, and this is the solitary(prenominal) part of the book where it seems that the dream is unaccompanied around the corner. With Candys three hundred and fifty bucks and Georges and Lennies fifty bucks each coming at the end of the month, which conveys a total of iv hundred and fifty bucks, George says he could swing the owners for that as the lady needs an operation.George has a dream of his own which is a life without Lennie. If he didnt have Lennie with him all the snip,When I think of the swell time I could have without you, I go nuts. I never get no peace.If he also didnt have Lennie on his tail all the time, he could maybe rase have a girl. This dream does come true at the end, but George had to kill Lennie or differently Curley would have come and killed Lennie himself. George learnt from Candys mistake of letting someone else kill his dog, so he killed Lennie himself making trusted that the gunshot would not give Lennie any pain. Lennies life is ended, also with the dream as Lennie and George are talking about the dream until Lennie is killed like an animal.Candys dream was to be happy. The only time he was really happy was when he was a child. Candy has no another(prenominal) relatives, so he mentation hed be happy living with George a nd Lennie. Candy is heartbroken when he finds out that Lennie has killed Curleys wife. Candy knows that their dream cannot come true now, becauseLennie was part of the dream and now he is dead. Also, when Candys dog was shot, Candy covered his eyes with his arm.Old Candy lay down in the hay andcovered his eyes with his arm.And this was what he did when his dream was shattered.We do not know what happened to Candy or George after Lennie was killed, as the story ended there, so the death of Curleys wife ended two dreams, but the death of Lennie made Georges second dream come true. Even though he didnt like killing Lennie, he didnt want to let someone else kill him. I suppose George judgement it was the last straw if he is killing unknowingly, he could kill again. They could not elapse running from everything he did wrong. He would get caught one day, and be killed.Curleys dream was to be bear-sized like Lennie and this is why Curley picked a fight with Lennie and he lost. He didnt give Lennie a put on the line to show him that he was not against him, but straight away headed for Lennie and started asking him questions. George had told him not to speak, so he didnt answer. Curley really got angry. George answered for him and he answered,An you wont let the big guy talk, is that it?He wants to be big and tall. He picks fights with anybody that is larger, in a way superior to him. He only has respect for contract we know this because he listened to Slim.I think you got your han caught in a machine.He knows what really happened. He didnt want to get laughed at either, so he listened and obeyed Slims instruction.But you jus tell an puree to get this guy canned and well tell ever body, an then will you get the laugh.Curley agreed to this statement, otherwise he will be laughed at for starting the fight and then losing it. Even though Curleys hand was totally ruined, and Lennie got a couple of bruises and cuts nobody got in any more trouble.When his wife was kil led he was really mad. Not mad for losing a loved one. He was mad at Lennie for killing her, and rather of staying with his wife, he hurried off to find Lennie and to kill him. We notice that although Curley was very protective over his wife, he didnt show any interest in her, and showed no signs of love. Nobody liked Curley, not even his wife.Curleys wife was an outcast, because she is the only female on the ranch and wore a lot of red. We can soul she is heading for trouble, because of the way she flirted with all the men on the ranch. Red lipstick and red finger nails shows a sign of danger. Curleys wifes dream was to become a movie star, and have overnice clothes. This dream only came about because some guy had said that she was a natural.this guy says I was a naturalHer dream was shattered because she didnt receive a letter, this guy had promised to send to her. According to her, she thought her mother had thrown it away. We get the feeling that he didnt actually send the le tter. She really thought that her mother had thrown it away and only for revenge, she got married to Curley. She didnt love Curley, nor even liked him. Shes not interested in Curley and Curley has no interest in her, but she is always looking for him, as an excuse, to talk to other guys. The other guys think shes a tart, and is jail bait.Crooks has a dream, which is when he was a little child he remembered he had two brothers and they used to do everything together. His dream is to be back with his family.I remember when I was a little kid on myold pieces chicken ranch.He became negatively cynical. He doesnt believe life will get any better and he thinks that people always behave selfishly or dishonestly.Crooks is lonely and the only one who has respect for him is Slim. When he was small he used to play with people that werent sinister and this would upset his father. He didnt understand why until he was older. People called him a nigger and he is the only black person on the ranc h. When he was a child, his family was the only black family for miles. Crooks had no other dreams he just wanted friends that wont criticize him, because of his colour.None of the dreams came true, and are all suppress and shattered, because Georges dream didnt mean that he didnt want Lennie at all, he wanted him, but not all the time. Lennie had to be killed and that ends another two dreams. Candys dream was to be a part of George and Lennies dream, but as Lennie was killed, his dream also vanished. Curleys dream was to be big and as hes a grown man he wont grow any more. Crooks dream is to be back with his family, but it is impossible to go back in time. Curleys wife is dead which ends another dream.We see that John Steinbeck didnt make anybodys dream come true.Anjana Patel English coursework 2nd January 2001

Lean System Essay

Lean is a philosophy of manufacturing that emphasizes the minimization of the amount of all resources (including time) used in operations of the company. Operations litigatees be considered to be Lean when they are very efficient and have few emaciated resources. The elimination of WASTE is actually the defining principle of Lean. By eliminating waste of all sorts in the system, the angle approach diminisheders labour, materials, and energy costs of issue. Lean also emphasizes building exactly the growths nodes want, exactly when they need them. When tumble capabilities are introduced in a firm, it can produce smaller quantities, and it can change outputs more chop-chop in response to changes in customer demand. The primary targetives of Lean systems are to1. gravel only the products that customers want.2. Produce products only as quickly as customers want them.3. Produce products with perfect quality.4. Produce in the marginal possible target-times.5. Produce products with features that customers want, and no others.6. Produce with no waste of labour, materials or equipment.7. Produce with methods that reinforce the occupational development of works. Eliminate WasteWaste is anything that does not add value from the customer point of view. Storage, inspection, delay, time lag in queues, and defective products do not add value and are 100% waste. Seven Wastes Over ware, Queues, Transportation, Inventory, Motion, Over-processing and regretful products. Other resources such as energy, water, and air are often wasted. Efficient, sustainable production minimizes inputs, reduces waste. Traditional keep back has been expanded to the 7 Ss. Sort when in doubt, throw it out. Simplify methods analysis tools. Shine/sweep refined daily. Standardize remove variations from processes. Sustain review work and recognize progress. Safety build in steady-going practices. Support/maintenance reduce variability and unplanned downtime.There are four buildin g blocks that turn over to the building of a slight system. When these elements are focused in the areas of cost, quality anddelivery, this forms the basis for a lean production system. They are1. Product design2. Process design3. Personnel/organizational elements4. Manufacturing planning and agreeProduct design Each process is crucial and contributes to an effective lean system. Product design consists of standardised parts (workers have fewer parts to deal with), modular design (an extension of standard parts, they are separate parts clustered together and treated as one unit), highly capable production systems with quality built in ( JIT requires highly capable production systems), and concurrent engineering (keeping engineering practices shouldnt change to avoid disruptions).The fact that customers have unique needs makes it necessary for the producer in the manufacturing celestial sphere or the service sector to create products and services that contributes uniquely to th e final customers requirements. utter(a)ly design activities have mental process objectives that are important to all designs. These objectives are A design should be of high quality it should be produced quickly, on a dependent basis, flexibility and at a low cost.The three broad design categories, 1) the feasibility of the design, 2) the acceptability of the design, and 3) the vulnerability of each design option. Concurrent engineering-describes the process of collective product design by all affected functions in the organisation. Quality function deployment is a planning tool used to fulfil customer expectations through a disciplined approach to product design engineering and production. Process Design consists of small lot sizes (optimal one unit), setup time reductions, and manufacturing cells (specialized and efficient production centres, quality improvement, production flexibility, a balanced system (distributing workload evenly among the workstations), little stocktak ing storage, and fail safe methods (incorporate ways to reduce or eliminate the potential for errors during the process). Lean systems have an super effective production method. Schedules must be communicated inside and outside the organization and Better scheduling improves performance and also Increases flexibility.Personnel/organizational elements includes workersas assets ( A JIT philosophy), Cross-trained workers (perform several(prenominal) parts of the process and operate several machines), cost accounting, and leadership/project management( a two-way communication process between managers and workers). Manufacturing planning and manoeuver The last building block is manufacturing planning and control. It includes level loading,(achieving stable, level daily mix schedules) pull systems (work moves on in response to demand from the next stage in the process), visual systems (A kanban card used as authorization to move or work on parts), limited work-in-process, close vendor r elationships, reduced exercise processing(logistical, balancing, quality, or change transactions), preventive maintenance and housekeeping(keeping the workplace clean and free of unneeded material. Improve employee communication. Identifying problems and capricious out waste reduces costs and variability and improves throughput. Lean systems require managers to reduce variability caused by two internal and external factors. By pulling material in small lots, inventory cushions are aloof exposing problems and emphasizing continual improvement.ExampleLean operations began as lean manufacturing which was developed by the elevator car manufacturer, Toyota. Toyota was sensitive to waste and inefficiency issues. The goal was to eliminate all waste from the process. Waste was identified by them as anything that interfered with the process or simply did not add value. Companies began adopting the lean approach and to do so effected that they had to do major changes in their organizati on and with their culture in the organization. Lean methods have demand-based operations, flexible operations with rapid changeover capability, effective worker behaviors, and continuous improvement efforts.JIT system stands for a Just-In-Time system. It represents the philosophy that includes all(prenominal) aspect of the process from the design to after the sale. JIT is a highly coordinated processing system in which goods move through the system, and services are performed just as they are needed. First, management should decide if JIT is a compatible method for the company. JIT is best used with companies that have repetitive operations and a stable demand. The prime(prenominal) step is planning the conversion to JIT. Managers need tobe involved in the process and understand the fealty needed. The next step is to begin working only with suppliers who support the JIT system.The biggest obstacles faced are management, worker or supplier disapproval, and also changing the cultur e of the company. Inventory is at the minimum level necessary to keep operations running. JIT Inventory Tactics Use a pull system to move inventory abridge lot sizes Develop just-in-time delivery systems with suppliers Deliver directly to point of use Perform to schedule fasten setup time Use group technology. Different from JIT in that it is externally focused on the customer Starts with understanding what the customer wants Optimize the entire process from the customers perspective. The main benefits of lean operations systems are1. Reduced cost through reduced inventory levels2. Higher quality3. Reduced lead time4. Increased productivity5. Reduced amounts of wasteInventories should never be used as the ascendant to fix machine malfunctions. One method that JIT systems uses to minimize inventory is to have suppliers deliver goods directly to the production floor. Overall, carrying low inventories offers many benefits such as less carrying cost, less space needed, and less rewor k to complete in case of a product recall. Lean systems can also be referred to as just-in-time (JIT) systems. The object of a lean system is to create a system that is demand driven, and provides supply based on demand at any given point. Lean systems tend to concentrate on waste reduction and have continuous improvement.

To What Extent Does Labelling Theory Offer a Useful Contribution to the Study of Crime and Deviance in Today’s Society

Labelling Theory To what extent does dogling possibleness offer a useful contri onlyion to the study of offence and aberration in todays order Introduction This assignment pass on Discuss labelling supposition, it depart attempt to explore the contri only ifions made by labelling theorists, the criticism towards labelling theorists, and the discussion surrounding its reality as an practiceual theory. However the main focus testament be proving an studying of Howard Beckers Labelling Theory and testament strike and evaluate Labelling Theory to the study of crime.In conclusion it will discuss how relevant labelling theory is today. fit to (Wellford, 1975) Labelling Theory or The favorable reaction Theory as it is more often known has been slightly and has developed over time from as early as 1938. It became very popular during the late 1960s and early 1970s were it was seen as a spick-and-span departure in theories of crime and difference specially in sociology. E dwin Lemert is widely recognized as the founder of what is call uped the Societal Reaction Theory.This is the forerunner to the Social Reaction or Labelling Theory which has present day acceptance and includes many an(prenominal) of the same concepts. Currently, labelling theory suggests that when a soul commits a crime, they receive the label of barbarous. When a someone is tagged guilty by troupe, they be presum suitable to accept this label as a part of themselves and because the person now thinks of themselves as a criminal, they atomic number 18 now likely to continue in their criminal deportment (Becker, 1963). This is still relevant to this day, e. g. f a male was to murder a female he will always be seen and known as a criminal. In order to understand labelling theory, familiarization is driveed with Lemerts Societal Reaction Theory. This theory explores the expedition to brotherly digression in two stages primary deviance and secondary deviance. Howard Bec ker is widely associated with the labelling theory done his volume Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of divagation. He also developed the term moral entrepreneur to describe persons in power who campaign to charter certain aberrant doings come forthlawed.He asserts that many of the laws that fork over been passed halt been solely for this purpose, and that behaviour which is defined as criminal is dynamic and changes byout time and that therefore, the actual criminal behaviour is irrelevant to the theory. (Becker, 1963). Becker himself has stated however, that the concept of his work is non a theory, with all the achievements and obligations that go with the title, or focused solely on the act of labelling as some give thought.It is not a ace concept, being instead a image of assorted moods that have been brought together under one approach, although critics have called the work ambiguous, inconsistent and at best a vague perspective Becker, never sought to bequeath an all-embracing, etiological explanation of deviance Becker himself prefers the term Interactionist Theory of Deviance developing the study of deviance from a intelligibly social perspective, considering the processes by which particular types of act or people, come to be labelled as deviant.He has been influenced by works such as Cooleys looking-glass self , Lemerts ideas of social constructionism , and Meads theories on the internalisation of the self, Becker makes two arguments 1. Deviant behaviour must be conceptualized in terms of a sequential model since different causes operate at different stages, 2. Rules and enforcement processes must be viewed as developing through time rather than as an unaffectionate moment of disapproval. Definition of Labelling Theory Also known as Social Reaction Theory, this is a theory originated by Edwin Lemert and then developed by sociologist Howard Becker.It is a social theory concerned with how people apprehend themselves as delinquent or criminal due to the labels, which categorized and describe certain behaviours, that be use to them by criminal arbitrator authorities and by others in ordination. The theory maintains that the labels people are addicted affect their own and others perceptions of them, and how the behaviour of an individualist is influenced or even created by the use of certain labels (i. e. , thief, prostitute, homosexual). The resulting word of the individual then pushes them into performing the deviant role or back into conformity.The theory also maintains that the deviance itself is characterized by societies reaction to any alleged violation of the rules or the expectations of what are considered habitual conduct. Primary Deviance Primary deviance begins with an initial criminal act. As stated by Lemart it is a rule-breaking behaviour that is carried out by people who see themselves and are indeed seen by others as basically conformist by nature. Following this act of deviance the person may be labelled as deviant or criminal by their partners and society, yet they themselves do not yet accept this label.That is to say that they do not think of themselves in terms as being a criminal. It is this lack of acceptance to see themselves as criminal which differentiates primary from secondary deviance. This person shall remain in a state of primary deviance for as long as they are capable of rationalizing and able to deal with this label by justifying the act as a socially acceptable role (Lemert, 1951). When leading on to Secondary Deviance, the criminal label is send outd on an individual during what is known as a Degradation Ceremony in which the incriminate person is prescribedly or officially labelled as a criminal.This would normally take place during woo sentencing, but may also come about in more subtle fashions as well. For example the relatives of a person become withdrawn and distance themselves from that person when they find out they have committed a c rime, regardless of whether or not they face any formal charges (Wellford, 1975). An example of this would be an exotic dancer In todays society an exotic dancer is a perfective example. Others may label the dancers act as deviant while the dancer themselves may see it as a perfectly legitimate profession as with any other barter which enables them to earn an income.Secondary Deviance According to Lemart secondary deviance occurs when there is an acceptance by the individual of the deviant behaviour and the criminal label, it unabsorbed into their self image, they therefore see themselves from that point in time as a criminal or deviant. This then becomes a mechanism for defence, attack, or adaptation to the problems of the individual caused by societys reaction to their primary deviation (Lemert, 1951). is only considered to have occurred when the labelled person brush aside no longer deny the label having undergone a degradation ceremony which labels the person eviant, be this through a personal audience such as family or friends, or a more formal one such as in a court of law, two the individual and society both now accept the view that the wrongdoer is a criminal. Once they finally accept this label as a part of themselves they will act ,from this point onward, in a way befitting this new criminal label. Secondary deviances is considered to have occurred when both society and the individual share the view that the offender is a criminal. Deviant Career and Master Status Beckers theory pays particular attention to the way in which society reacts to people with criminal labels.He suggests that this label becomes the persons Master Status, meaning that it is a constant label, that affects and over-rides how others in society will view them. The status that people will use to identify and classify the person will always be that of criminal. Any other statuses a person may have had are no longer heeded nor valid in the eyes of society. A person could be a parent, employee, spouse, etc. , but the first and major status that will come to mind to other people and themselves is that of the criminal (Becker, 1963).On occasion the persons criminal master status may compel them to conform more closely to societys legitimate norms. This is an attempt to show to others that the person may have made mistakes in life, but such mistakes will not happen again. From this time onwards they will act in a fashion that is deemed frequent (Foster & Dinitz & Reckless, 1972). It is believed however, that in most cases where the master status is that of a criminal, secondary deviance will be terminate rather than being resisted. An identity change will take place in whereby the person will now accept the label of criminal.With this new criminal identity is in place, there is subsequent public press for the individual to behave accordingly. Such an identity change may be signalled by a person losing contact with their former friends (conformist) and st arting up associations with other criminal labelled deviants (Becker, 1963). In this new peer group of similarly minded deviants there increases the likelihood of the person not only continuing but also possibly escalating the rate and seriousness of their criminal behavior. Negative Labelling at that place are a number of powerful individuals within society (politicians, judges, patrol officers, medical doctors) who can impose some of the most crucial labels. The labelled person may be a drug addict, an alcoholic, a criminal, a delinquents or a prostitute to name but a few. The consequences of being labelled a deviant can be far-reaching. Social research indicates that those who have negative labels applied to them usually have a lower self-image of themselves, that they are more likely to reject themselves, and that they may even act even more deviantly as a result of the label.The research also shows that it is unfortunate that people who accept the labelling of others, whethe r it is correct or incorrect, have a difficult time changing their opinions of the labelled person, even in light of examine to the contrary. In a small study of child behavior after punishment, it was found that if the audience held the offender in a positive regard, the offender was likely to rise to these expectations and act in a manner befitting a darling boy (Wellford, 1975). In this way it is possible to use labelling theory in a more productive manner.The implications of the study results suggest that two things can be done in order to service prevent labelling theory from having negative effects on people whove broken the law. First of all if the court atmosphere could be avoided in situations where the crime were minor offenses or misdemeanors its possible that the offender would be able to avoid formal sentencing and the degradation ceremony that goes with it. In such cases rehabilitative therapy and out-of-court settlements would be preferable. The other hap is that a formal ceremony which would cancel the stigma associated with the degradation ceremony could be held.Perhaps a court declaration or letter that the offender is hereby rehabilitated could be used after the offender has served their punishment (Broadhead, 1974). Criticisms of Labelling Theory There have been many criticisms on labelling theorists, Becker states that how interactionist theories have been accused of giving aid and comfort to the enemy. From a logical standpoint there are flaws within the main points of Labelling Theory. At the number 1 the theory states that No acts are inherently criminal (Wellford, 1975). This implies that acts are only criminal when society regards them as being criminal.The implications of this as stated by Howard Becker are that criminal law is dynamic and ever-changing, differing from society to society. If this holds true then why are certain acts illegal and labelled as criminal in the majority of the civilized world? Murder, rape, arson, ar med robbery to mention a few are all considered to be crimes in any society or country one would could care to name. The theory also claims that for a criminal to be successfully labelled as deviant that an audience necessitate to be present in order to provide a reaction to the crimes committed.If a murder is committed where the grampus successfully avoids detection or raising anyones suspicion, would that mean that the murder was not criminal and that the killer would not think of themselves as such? It may be probable that the murderers own value placement could initialize self-labelling, but the theory clearly states the labelling must come from a 3rd party (Hagan, 1973). There have been criticisms that the terms in labelling theory lack precision, and that there is no real account taken of the central social processes, such as how every day behaviour actually needs to have a social reaction.The methodology generally is also seen as lacking clarity, and incorporating too ma ny commonsensible definitions and assumptions. It is felt that what is needed is a more detailed study in areas such as jurisprudence procedures, or the categories deployed/applied by social workers and lawyers. in the case of police behaviour, For example, in police behaviour it is clear that much depends upon the appearance, image, or attitude of the potential suspect, and that very different treatments can be aportioned to suspects, depending on the collective and immediately formed social judgements of the police officer (Cicourel 1968).Labelling theory appears to over do the idea of a self-fulfilling prophecy or a deviant career, there is no real gathering of evidence for this, especially what makes a label effective and permanent, how it becomes a master identity. Examples of Research Conducted by Labelling Theorists William Chambliss in 1973 conducted a classic study into the effects of labelling. His two groups of white, male, high-school students were both frequently invol ved in delinquent acts of theft, vandalism, drinking, and truancy. The police never arrested the members of one group, which Chambliss abelled the Saints, but the police did have frequent run-ins with members of the other group, which he labelled the Roughnecks. The boys in the Saints came from respectable families, had good reputations and grades in school, and were paying attention not to get caught when breaking the law. By being polite, cordial, and excusatory whenever confronted by the police, the Saints escaped labelling themselves as deviants. In contrast, the Roughnecks came from families of lower socioeconomic status, had poor reputations and grades in school, and were not careful about being caught when breaking the law.By being hostile and insolent whenever confronted by the police, the Roughnecks were easily labelled by others and themselves as deviants. In other words, while both groups committed crimes, the Saints were perceived to be good because of their polite b ehavior (which was attributed to their upper-class backgrounds) and the Roughnecks were seen as bad because of their insolent behavior (which was attributed to their lower-class backgrounds). As a result, the police always took action against the Roughnecks, but never against the Saints. ConclusionBecker, (1963) claims that laws are established for a reason, and behaviour that is defined as criminal is dynamic and will change within time. This shows that criminal behaviour is not relevant to the theory. However it is still to this day seen as debatable. However there is one known exception, many labelling theorists say the system is biased towards the lower class, which constitutes the overwhelming majority of arrests and convictions within the American criminal justice system (Wellford, 1975). Becker is the usual source of radical variants of labelling.His work implies there is no need to explain deviance in the first place, that it is in fact a very common social activity, a norma l one, which only becomes abnormal when it is to so labelled. Labelling itself then becomes confirming, a self-fulfilling prophecy, launching people on a deviant career. Today, one rarely finds labelling theories like those which predominated in the late 1960s. Certainly there are still social constructivist accounts of some type of deviance or another, and studies about the meaning of crime to criminals and criminalizers are still done. A hift seems to have taken place around 1974 in which labelling theory accommodated itself to legalistic definitions, or at least a focus on state power. Modern labelling theories came to recognize that societies create crime by passing laws, and that the substantive nature of the law should be an object of study. Sometimes, these are called criminalization theories (Hartjen 1974), and they have some resemblance to societal reaction approaches, but they more closely fall into a field that criminologists trained in sociology call the sociology of law perspective or the study of law as a mechanism of social control. approximately modern labelling theorists have been influenced by a critique of the underdog focus which was provided by Liazos (1972) when he said that sociologists need to stop studying nuts, sluts, and perverts. The one aspect of this theory that could be regarded positively is that it is very easy to understand and can be quickly explained, breaking down all criminal behavior into primary and secondary deviance with a few simple statements for each. BibliographyAlexander Liazos (1982) People First An introduction to Social Problems Allyn & Bacon pp121 Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York The Free Press Joseph Rowntree foundation (2009) http//www. jrf. org. uk/ accessed 12/03/09 Lemert, E. M. (1951). Social Pathology. New York MacGraw-Hill Book Co. , Inc. Wellford, C. (1975). Labelling Theory and Criminology An Assessment. Social Problems, Vol. 22, No. 3, 332-345